ABSTRACT
Introduction: COVID -19 emerged in December 2019 in china and till date this virus has mutated into different strains which are somewhat different in their presentation and severity. Pakistan has faced five waves of COVID-19 till date. This study was aimed to compare Haematological parameters and outcomes of hospitalized patients during First and other waves (second and third) of COVID-19. Method(s): Demographic, Clinical and laboratory data as well as outcome of total 202 COVID-19 PCR positive patients admitted in Fatima memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan was collected during first and other waves. Data of First wave is from May 2020 to July 2020, second wave from early November to Mid December 2020 and third wave from Mid march to June 2021. We compared the data on basis of SII as well hematological parameters of First Wave were compared with other waves (second & third) of COVID-19. Result(s): There were 54(26.7%) patients with SII< 600 and 148(73.2%) patients with SII>600. Neutrophilia (p-< 0.001), leukocytosis (p-< 0.001), lymphocytopenia(p-< 0.001), Raised NLR(p-< 0.001), PLR(p-< 0.001) and MLR(p-< 0.001) had direct association with SII. Raised SII was directly related to increased requirement of ventilator support (p-0.2) and Mortality (p-0.001). There were total 90(44.5%) patients in first wave and 112(55.4%) patients in other waves of COVID-19. More Females (33.3% Vs 57.1%) than Males (66.7% Vs 42.9%) were infected during other waves (p- 0.001). Anemia (27.8% vs 37.5%) (p-0.09), leucopenia (1.1% vs 8.9%) (p-< 0.001), Lymphocytopenia (20% Vs 39.3%) (p-0.003) and thrombocytopenia (3.3% Vs 25%) (p-< 0.001) were more prevalent in other waves of COVID-19 when compared to first wave. Requirement of Ventilator Support (7.7% vs 22%) and mortality (10% vs 33.9%) were also increased in other waves of COVID-19 Conclusion(s): Systemic immune Inflammation Index (SII) is a good predicting tool in COVID -19 patients for prognosis and is directly associated with severity of disease as well as outcome. Patients with cytopenias like anemia, leucopenia, lymphocytopenia thrombocytopenia, requirement of Ventilator Support and mortality were noted to be more in other waves of COVID-19. Haematological parameters like ANC, AMC NLR, PLR, MLR and SII show no significant difference between first and subsequent waves of COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
Background: Covid-19 pandemic has created havoc around the world and vaccination is an effective tool against this demon. Study of variations in administration of daily doses of Covid-19 vaccine at vaccination centre can help in better resource management. Material & methods: This record based descriptive study was conducted among beneficiaries of Covid-19 vaccination at S. N. Medical College, Agra. Record of administration of daily doses and vaccine wastage, vaccination of different groups of beneficiaries and occurrence of various national and local events related to vaccination was also analyzed. Result: A total of 33,571 doses of any Covid-19 vaccine (Covaxin/Covishield) were administered during past 88 working days in 20 weeks expanded over 5 months. On an average 165 doses were administered every day by each team and overall vaccine wastage was 0.85%. Maximum average of 199 doses per day by each team was observed on Mondays. There are many peaks and drops in administration of daily doses of Covid-19 vaccine at our center which can be attributed to either some national or local events related to supply of vaccine at our center, addition of a new group of beneficiary, any news or political controversy related to Covid-19 vaccination etc. Conclusion: Understanding of spikes and drops in the curve of daily/weekly administration of Covid-19 vaccine, in view of occurrence of various national and local events related to vaccination, can help in better formulation of strategies specially related to human resource allocation for success of National Covid-19 vaccination program. © 2021, Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine. All rights reserved.